However, the standard morphological identification of mosquito species based on the available keys is not easy with specimens in the field due to missing or damaged morphological features during mosquito collections, often leading to the misidentification of morphologically indistinguishable. The correct identification of mosquito species is important for effective mosquito vector control. Available public databases and bioinformatics revolutionized the analysis of large amount of data and will be pivotal for the development of effective DNA markers. Although there are several molecular methods for the detection of adulterant species, there is still an unmet demand for methods to detect adulterant breeds. The DNA markers chosen for species/breed detection are an important factor for PCR success. PCR-based methods continue to be the most important and successfully used for dairy products authentication. Moreover, the increasingly important role of bioinformatic tools for analysis of large amount of data and for the development of DNA markers is also discussed.ĭNA quality is one of the major factors affecting molecular-based dairy products authentication, which can be influenced by the manufacturing process, extraction method employed, chemical composition of the food matrix, among others. In this review, traditional and more recent DNA-based methods for dairy products authentication are discussed and analysed. Despite the several molecular methods available for species/breeds differentiation in dairy products, there is a need for the development of more efficient and reliable molecular tools. Most used molecular methods for dairy products authentication include PCR, Real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and PCR-RFLP. This led to an increased necessity to improve/establish reliable authentication processes, resulting in the replacement of protein-based techniques for dairy products authentication by higher sensitive and reproducible DNA-based methods. in Nigeria.įood fraud has become an increasingly worldwide problem mainly driven by rapid innovation in the food sector and constantly changing consumer's choices. In conclusion, it is pertinent to re-establish coordinated routine survey and monitoring of CSSV and its mealybug vector presence in T. We also present the first report of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel and Miller) mealybug species on cacao in Nigeria. Although CSSV and its vectors have been previously reported in Cross River, Ondo and Oyo States, our results present the first documented evidence of CSSV emergence and its mealybug vectors in Abia, Akwa Ibom and Edo States. The results revealed that CSSV and its mealybug vectors are present in the major cacao-growing areas in Nigeria. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histology for morphological identification and DNA barcoding enabled to characterise the female mealybug species. PCR screening of the mealybug species was performed using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. A total of 2568 cacao leaves from 1052 cacao trees were screened with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using an open reading frame 1 (ORF 1) CSSV-specific primer pair. Symptomatic and asymptomatic cacao leaves and whole female mealybug samples were collected from major cacao-growing areas in Nigeria-Abia, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Edo, Ondo and Oyo States. The present study aimed to map and screen for the presence of CSSV and its natural vectors-female mealybugs (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) in cacao plantations in Nigeria. Nigeria is presently lagging behind in the search for resistance to CSSV and its vectors in T. There is limited updated report on the occurrence, spread, genetic diversity and species of CSSV and its mealybug vectors, especially in Nigeria. Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is an endemic pathogen causing significant economic losses to cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production in West Africa.
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